Sui Truisms di Jenny Holzer

di Alessandro Broggi

A partire soprattutto dagli anni ’60, molti artisti più o meno impegnati, concettuali e non, hanno iniziato a produrre opere che andassero oltre i supporti tradizionali della pittura e della scultura, utilizzando il video, l’installazione, la fotografia e ogni sorta di medium estraneo agli abiti dell’arte precedente. Altri, tra i materiali stessi della loro ricerca hanno spesso scelto parole e frasi della lingua naturale. In diversi casi, si è trattato di lavorare orizzontalmente, in un movimento sincronico che partisse dall’istanza sociale e dalla comunicazione viva, più che verticalmente rispetto alle forme disciplinari di un dato genere o mezzo. Dipingere paesaggi bucolici non rappresentava più la realtà, che era diventata urbana, telematica, industriale e commerciale.

Il paesaggio era fatto – sempre più – di cemento, segnali stradali, marchi di fabbrica, insegne, slogan pubblicitari e televisione (e, ora, di messaggi e discorsi sui telefoni cellulari, computer, ipod & ipad, kindle, eccetera). Illustrare situazioni d’evasione, della fantasia o della memoria significava assumere una posizione nostalgica e politicamente marginale. Si trattava, piuttosto, di consapevolizzare i modi di comunicazione alla base dei rapporti, le convenzioni e le convinzioni circolanti, e insomma gli stessi presupposti culturali di una società complessa, prodotti dal sistema dei consumi, dalle tecnologie e dai media, rendendoli visibili e manipolabili. “Quanto dobbiamo fare è accostare informazione a informazione, non importa quale. È così che diverremo consapevoli del mondo perché è quanto fa esso stesso”, scriveva Cage. Il filone concettuale si pose tra gli altri l’obiettivo, se così si può dire, di “un’arte che non recitasse più, ma che si mettesse a nudo” (Celant), e che “mettesse a nudo”, prendendo un messaggio, un’idea, un meccanismo o un contenuto culturale e mostrandolo in modo trasparente e senza residui.

È quanto fa l’americana Jenny Holzer, una delle principali artiste orientate al linguaggio, che presentò la sua prima serie, i Truisms, nel 1977-79. Quest’opera, che riprendo qui integralmente, ha come obiettivo l’analisi della forza del linguaggio e della sua capacità di veicolare messaggi. I Truisms (truismi) – il termine significa “verità ovvie” – sono una lunga sequenza di sentenze, lunghe una riga e ordinate alfabeticamente, per lo più presentate singolarmente o a gruppi, sui supporti più vari.

La lingua scelta dalla Holzer per questo particolare genere di aforismi ci ricorda che il nostro linguaggio è piano e diretto, che usiamo un vocabolario semplice per la maggior parte del tempo, a volte ripetendo parole e frasi importanti. Ma la particolarità dei Truisms sta nella fusione di due retoriche contrapposte: l’impulso passionale e irrazionale tipico del manifesto, e la razionalità fredda e di servizio della didascalia. Come il primo, la lingua dei Truisms è incisiva, assertiva, fattuale e programmaticamente calda; come la seconda, è denotativa, esplicativa, anonima, neutra e sgombra. Questo espediente, insieme alla mancanza quasi totale di pronomi personali, ha come effetto immediato l’indecidibilità della voce autoriale e la pluralizzazione dei punti di vista. L’ordine alfabetico, che nella successione completa dei Truisms dà adito spesso a vistose contraddizioni tra frasi vicine, rende ancora più evidente la volontà oggettivante e l’intenzione dell’artista di tagliare qualsiasi legame tra autore e testo. L’autore progettato dai testi della Holzer è infatti dappertutto e in nessun luogo – ma insieme stranamente imperativo e rigidamente ideologico. È questo lo scopo comunicativo: il fruitore, chiamato in causa in prima persona, si chiede da dove vengano queste frasi, chi le abbia pronunciate e che cosa significhino per lui. Tenendo in sospeso la figura dell’autore, il lettore viene così forzato a prendere posizione personalmente, a confrontarsi con un ventaglio di posizioni perentorie e compulsorie, che sintetizzano acutamente luoghi comuni e cliché circolanti. Molte di queste sentenze, abilmente costruite dalla Holzer, sembrano infatti frasi colte dalla strada, idee o pregiudizi ascoltati in metropolitana, slogan percepiti alla Tv, discorsi che ci avvolgono quando cuciniamo un pasto solitario o mentre aspettiamo alla fermata del tram. Ci restituiscono una versione del mondo quando la nostra censura interna smette di funzionare e il rumore di fondo dei discorsi fuori di noi ci appare come il nostro stesso pensiero. I Truisms ci mostrano cioè come fatti e concetti esterni a noi, spesso indotti dal sistema (=ideologia), vengono interiorizzati come pensieri individuali e monologhi interiori.

Il contesto di fruizione, pensato dall’artista per i Truisms, è principalmente proprio quello dei luoghi pubblici, e solo in seconda battuta quello degli spazi museali, delle mostre e delle gallerie d’arte. Al di fuori dell’ambiente protetto e schermato dell’arte, il loro impatto è infatti più forte, perché lì siamo più indifesi, naturalmente portati a leggere i messaggi che ci circondano non come oggetti estetici (finzioni) ma come messaggi funzionali, legati pragmaticamente al contesto comunicativo, al mondo reale e al nostro comportamento effettivo. Ecco perché la Holzer, per il testo dei Truisms e per quelli delle opere successive (si veda a riguardo la preziosa monografia edita da Phaidon, sulle cui analisi critiche si basano alcuni di questi ragionamenti) ha scelto siti e supporti pubblici (subdolamente) stranianti, come per esempio volantini, manifesti pubblicitari, cartelloni e poster stradali, placchette esplicative di bronzo posizionate sopra o accanto a fontane e monumenti, targhette commerciali, cappellini, magliette, confezioni di profilattici e gadgets vari, portiere dei taxi, panchine pubbliche, neon, scritte luminose, tabelloni per gli annunci aeroportuali o per il punteggio negli stadi di football americano, e infine – come per una celebre installazione a Times Square – led e nastri luminosi dove normalmente scorrono pubblicità e messaggi di servizio.

L’intento della Holzer è allora, in ultima analisi, quello di sorprendere l’uomo comune, chiamandolo prepotentemente in causa con stringhe veritative di comune esperienza e slogan aforistici essenziali, oggettivi e dal tono apodittico, presentati in contesti insospettati, laddove vigono automatismi percettivi legati ad altri codici di informazione, contemporaneamente ricodificando la pelle discorsiva dei luoghi della nostra contemporaneità e smascherando la pervasività del linguaggio dell’istituzione coll’impossessarsi del suo potere.

a little knowledge can go a long way

a lot of professionals are crackpots

a man can’t know what it is to be a mother

a name means a lot just by itself

a positive attitude means all the difference in the world

a relaxed man is not necessarily a better man

a sense of timing is the mark of genius

a sincere effort is all you can ask

a single event can have infinitely many interpretations

a solid home base builds a sense of self

a strong sense of duty imprisons you

absolute submission can be a form of freedom

abstraction is a type of decadence

abuse of power comes as no surprise

action causes more trouble than thought

alienation produces eccentrics or revolutionaries

all things are delicately interconnected

ambition is just as dangerous as complacency

ambivalence can ruin your life

an elite is inevitable

anger or hate can be a useful motivating force

animalism is perfectly healthy

any surplus is immoral

anything is a legitimate area of investigation

artificial desires are despoiling the earth

at times inactivity is preferable to mindless functioning

at times your unconsciousness is truer than your conscious mind

automation is deadly

awful punishment awaits really bad people

bad intentions can yield good results

being alone with yourself is increasingly unpopular

being happy is more important than anything else

being judgmental is a sign of life

being sure of yourself means you’re a fool

believing in rebirth is the same as admitting defeat

boredom makes you do crazy things

calm is more conductive to creativity than is anxiety

categorizing fear is calming

change is valuable when the oppressed become tyrants

chasing the new is dangerous to society

children are the most cruel of all

children are the hope of the future

class action is a nice idea with no substance

class structure is as artificial as plastic

confusing yourself is a way to stay honest

crime against property is relatively unimportant

decadence can be an end in itself

decency is a relative thing

dependence can be a meal ticket

description is more important than metaphor

deviants are sacrificed to increase group solidarity

disgust is the appropriate response to most situations

disorganization is a kind of anesthesia

don’t place to much trust in experts

drama often obscures the real issues

dreaming while awake is a frightening contradiction

dying and coming back gives you considerable perspective

dying should be as easy as falling off a log

eating too much is criminal

elaboration is a form of pollution

emotional responses ar as valuable as intellectual responses

enjoy yourself because you can’t change anything anyway

ensure that your life stays in flux

even your family can betray you

every achievement requires a sacrifice

everyone’s work is equally important

everything that’s interesting is new

exceptional people deserve special concessions

expiring for love is beautiful but stupid

expressing anger is necessary

extreme behavior has its basis in pathological psychology

extreme self-consciousness leads to perversion

faithfulness is a social not a biological law

fake or real indifference is a powerful personal weapon

fathers often use too much force

fear is the greatest incapacitator

freedom is a luxury not a necessity

giving free rein to your emotions is an honest way to live

go all out in romance and let the chips fall where they may

going with the flow is soothing but risky

good deeds eventually are rewarded

government is a burden on the people

grass roots agitation is the only hope

guilt and self-laceration are indulgences

habitual contempt doesn’t reflect a finer sensibility

hiding your emotions is despicable

holding back protects your vital energies

humanism is obsolete

humor is a release

ideals are replaced by conventional goals at a certain age

if you aren’t political your personal life should be exemplary

if you can’t leave your mark give up

if you have many desires your life will be interesting

if you live simply there is nothing to worry about

ignoring enemies is the best way to fight

illness is a state of mind

imposing order is man’s vocation for chaos is hell

in some instances it’s better to die than to continue

inheritance must be abolished

it can be helpful to keep going no matter what

it is heroic to try to stop time

it is man’s fate to outsmart himself

it is a gift to the world not to have babies

it’s better to be a good person than a famous person

it’s better to be lonely than to be with inferior people

it’s better to be naive than jaded

it’s better to study the living fact than to analyze history

it’s crucial to have an active fantasy life

it’s good to give extra money to charity

it’s important to stay clean on all levels

it’s just an accident that your parents are your parents

it’s not good to hold too many absolutes

it’s not good to operate on credit

it’s vital to live in harmony with nature

just believing something can make it happen

keep something in reserve for emergencies

killing is unavoidable but nothing to be proud of

knowing yourself lets you understand others

knowledge should be advanced at all costs

labor is a life-destroying activity

lack of charisma can be fatal

leisure time is a gigantic smoke screen

listen when your body talks

looking back is the first sign of aging and decay

loving animals is a substitute activity

low expectations are good protection

manual labor can be refreshing and wholesome

men are not monogamous by nature

moderation kills the spirit

money creates taste

monomania is a prerequisite of success

morals are for little people

most people are not fit to rule themselves

mostly you should mind your own business

mothers shouldn’t make too many sacrifices

much was decided before you were born

murder has its sexual side

myth can make reality more intelligible

noise can be hostile

nothing upsets the balance of good and evil

occasionally principles are more valuable than people

offer very little information about yourself

often you should act like you are sexless

old friends are better left in the past

opacity is an irresistible challenge

pain can be a very positive thing

people are boring unless they are extremists

people are nuts if they think they are important

people are responsible for what they do unless they are insane

people who don’t work with their hands are parasites

people who go crazy are too sensitive

people won’t behave if they have nothing to lose

physical culture is second best

planning for the future is escapism

playing it safe can cause a lot of damage in the long run

politics is used for personal gain

potential counts for nothing until it’s realized

private property created crime

pursuing pleasure for the sake of pleasure will ruin you

push yourself to the limit as often as possible

raise boys and girls the same way

random mating is good for debunking sex myths

rechanneling destructive impulses is a sign of maturity

recluses always get weak

redistributing wealth is imperative

relativity is no boon to mankind

religion causes as many problems as it solves

remember you always have freedom of choice

repetition is the best way to learn

resolutions serve to ease our conscience

revolution begins with changes in the individual

romantic love was invented to manipulate women

routine is a link with the past

routine small excesses are worse than then the occasional debauch

sacrificing yourself for a bad cause is not a moral act

salvation can’t be bought and sold

self-awareness can be crippling

self-contempt can do more harm than good

selfishness is the most basic motivation

selflessness is the highest achievement

separatism is the way to a new beginning

sex differences are here to stay

sin is a means of social control

slipping into madness is good for the sake of comparison

sloppy thinking gets worse over time

solitude is enriching

sometimes science advances faster than it should

sometimes things seem to happen of their own accord

spending too much time on self-improvement is antisocial

starvation is nature’s way

stasis is a dream state

sterilization is a weapon of the rulers

strong emotional attachment stems from basic insecurity

stupid people shouldn’t breed

survival of the fittest applies to men and animals

symbols are more meaningful than things themselves

taking a strong stand publicizes the opposite position

talking is used to hide one’s inability to act

teasing people sexually can have ugly consequences

technology will make or break us

the cruelest disappointment is when you let yourself down

the desire to reproduce is a death wish

the family is living on borrowed time

the idea of revolution is an adolescent fantasy

the idea of transcendence is used to obscure oppression

the idiosyncratic has lost its authority

the most profound things are inexpressible

the mundane is to be cherished

the new is nothing but a restatement of the old

the only way to be pure is to stay by yourself

the sum of your actions determines what you are

the unattainable is invariable attractive

the world operates according to discoverable laws

there are too few immutable truths today

there’s nothing except what you sense

there’s nothing redeeming in toil

thinking too much can only cause problems

threatening someone sexually is a horrible act

timidity is laughable

to disagree presupposes moral integrity

to volunteer is reactionary

torture is barbaric

trading a life for a life is fair enough

true freedom is frightful

unique things must be the most valuable

unquestioning love demonstrates largesse of spirit

using force to stop force is absurd

violence is permissible even desirable occasionally

war is a purification rite

we must make sacrifices to maintain our quality of life

when something terrible happens people wake up

wishing things away is not effective

with perseverance you can discover any truth

words tend to be inadequate

worrying can help you prepare

you are a victim of the rules you live by

you are guileless in your dreams

you are responsible for constituting the meaning of things

you are the past present and future

you can live on through your descendants

you can’t expect people to be something they’re not

you can’t fool others if you’re fooling yourself

you don’t know what’s what until you support yourself

you have to hurt others to be extraordinary

you must be intimate with a token few

you must disagree with authority figures

you must have one grand passion

you must know where you stop and the world begins

you can understand someone of your sex only

you owe the world not the other way around

you should study as much as possible

your actions ae pointless if no one notices

your oldest fears are the worst ones